Adult learning and education (ALE) programs are provided in many countries to facilitate the settlement and the social, economic and political participation of immigrants and refugees (henceforth immigrants). These programs encompass a wide range of areas, including employment, language, citizenship training, civic engagement, and other related fields. Various stakeholders are involved in providing these programs, including community-based organizations, religious organizations, community centers, schools, and higher education institutions. Governments typically play a role in funding these ALE programs and, in some cases, in the direct provision of these programs. Nevertheless, funding for these initiatives tends to fluctuate due to changes in migration and integration regimes, as well as shifts in the political environment. For instance, immigrant services and settlement support today are faced with significant backlash, given the prevalence of right-wing populism and politics.

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